life in the factories :: essays research papers

Western Civilization Life in the Factories The nineteenth century in England was a growing time particularly considering England was wrapped in the Industrial Revolution. Numerous plants were extending and developing and required individuals to fill the employments that they had. Albeit numerous these production lines were developing they couldn't stay aware of the populace, which was developing more quickly than anything. At the point when these manufacturing plants went to discover individuals they had the option to discover numerous that would require employments and would work for not exactly the individuals that had the occupations. At the point when these plants needed to keep more cash they basically searched for the one gathering of individuals that could work for whatever length of time that they asked, for as low as they asked, without any inquiries posed. That gathering of individuals was kids.      Since numerous families had control of their youngsters and a few families didn’t need to send their children these industrial facilities, such huge numbers of production lines couldn't discover the measure of laborers they needed so they went to search for the children different spots. A couple of spots that they went to look were shelters and workhouses and purchased these kids and constrained them to sign agreements, which basically made them slaves. The industrial facilities at that point proceeded to house and feed them, which was significantly simpler at that point to house and feed a developed individual. By the 1790’s practically all laborers in the plants were kids.      When these manufacturing plants proceeded to purchase these youngsters they realized that they needed to take care of and dress these children and afterward furnish them with a spot to rest. The manufacturing plant proprietors went at this issue with a similar inexpensiveness that they had when purchasing the kids. Youngsters were constrained at numerous spots, to eat while working and the children frequently grumbled about the food. More often than not the food was canvassed in dust when they were starting to eat. At the point when the majority of these youngsters originated from the workhouses and were made to accompany a difference in like manner garments.      Most processing plants had the option to work the children from day break till nightfall and some of the time past. A few people needed to change the law of to what extent an individual younger than 18 could work to 10 hours, yet parliament wouldn’t pass that law. A man by the name of Lord Ashley was a specialist and reasoned that a child’s body could just bear 10 hours of work at once without harming the child’s wellbeing.

010 Revision and Review Professor Ramos Blog

010 Revision and Review Amendment Exercise: Talk Back Brisk Write What questions do you have about the audit paper? Amendment Exercise: Talk Back Envision you are the maker of the content or item you are checking on. Compose a counter to the survey. Try to ground your resistance in the best proof you can discover. What protests or responses would you be able to envision to the survey? Spot yourself in the shoes of the maker. 5 minutes. Reconsider Using the Templates Beginning on page 141-145, experience the inquiries taking a gander at your own article. Utilize the formats to ensure that you have used the focuses we went over through the semester.

REX Now An Option for RBA Freshmen

REX Now An Option for RBA Freshmen As you may know, I lived in Next House as a freshman, and while it was a great community where I still hang out and pset at frequently, Next made me particularly unhappy because it comes with a side of Residence-Based Advising (RBA). RBA is a lot like ordering a Big Mac and getting to the drive-in window where the lady says, Heres your Big Mac, and also, a side of lard. You say, I saw that there were all these other appetizing choices on the menu, like french fries, or apple pie.. can I have a look at those? She says, No. Oh, and also, you have to eat the lard for the next year. Alright, so it wasnt actually like eating lard (not that I know what thats like.. ahem), but RBA currently means that you have to live in that dormitory for the year (unlike freshmen in other dorms, who get a period called Residence Exploration (REX), and can move wherever and whenever they choose), since the program is based on the idea of having students with the same advisor live together. In practice, though, the idea doesnt pan out so well since everyone moves within the dorm so they can be closer to the friends theyve already decided to live with, and so theres ultimately no point to keeping people in Next House. And the MIT housing system in other dorms works so well freshmen are temporarily placed in a dorm, then given the choice to relottery into a dorm where they feel more comfortable that it seems both unfair and illogical to keep a few freshmen out of the rest of the system. In my personal experience, I loved the people there but hated the idea, and so I raised enough of a fuss about it that I was one of the lucky few able to move out. I also wrote to the housing office about my feelings on the subject, met with the RBA coordinator to discuss my experiences, as well as wrote a blog entry last spring and an article this fall in our newspaper, The Tech. Other students wrote similar articles on the subject, including one of my favorites by the Undergraduate Association (UA)s former vice president Ruth Miller (who also knows all the words to REMs Its The End of the World As We Know It, for serious). Meanwhile, the Next House government was working tirelessly with the Office of Undergraduate Advising and Academic Programming (UAAP), as well as the housing office, to give our future freshmen the choice to move out of their living group. And so today, I almost exploded with joy reading this short announcement in the Tech: Freshmen placed in Next House will be allowed to participate in the Housing Adjustment Lottery beginning next fall, according to Next house President Franklyn F. Lao ’08. Next residents were previously not allowed to participate in REX due to the Residence-Based Advising Program. Minor changes will been made to the lottery schedule to accommodate this change. Later, one of my former dormmates forwarded me this email, sent to all residents of Next House: Hello All, I am happy to announce tonight a long process of talks with the UAAP and reviews to the RBA program at Next have culminated in a big change at Next. Short history: 9 months ago I started to talk regularly with the UAAP asking for the change on behalf of all the residents at Next. This semester Muriel added her full support after observing the RBA program at Next. And after a lot of work from the offices of housing and UAAP, starting next years Next House freshman will be allowed to enter the REX housing readjustment lottery!!! Hooray!!! More details will come I promise. But feel free to spread the good news! Aloha, Franklyn Lau Next House President To quote Ruth Miller, who responded in a way that, as usual, sums up my feelings about this better than I ever could: I love everything. This makes me so ecstatic because its something Ive felt very strongly about ever since I came to MIT, and its amazing to see that the students were able to make their voices heard. Not only for the 12 freshmen, but also with the current students, since I feel that this change could make a huge difference in the opinion of Next House which, like I said, I love dearly, just not some of the ideas behind it. We write time and time again in the blogs about how important your living group is to your MIT experience, and its absolutely true today Im infinitely happier in Burton 1, though I never wouldve found where I belonged if I hadnt been given the choice to move out. So there you have it: MIT students, making a difference. Working towards the future so you dont have to eat lard anymore. (Of course, if you like lard, its still there. Its just a matter of preference.) (MIT, MIT Admissions, and myself are in no way condoning the eating of lard.)

Passage Analysis Techniques of Persuasion Essay - 1230 Words

Passage 6 – In Defense of Astrology 1[Astrology needs to be taken more seriously as an art and science that can contribute to human well-being.] 2[A great deal of evidence points to the truth of astrology.] 3[Astrology has been practiced for over six thousand years], and 4[millions of people have based their lives and life choices on it.] 5[Until the eighteenth century, astrology was even used as a form of medical diagnosis.] 6[Its diagnoses and prescriptions were considered at the time to be far more reliable and efficacious than those of the medical practitioners of the time.] 7[Since the middle of the twentieth century, countless scientific studies that have ultimately supported the basic principles of astrology have†¦show more content†¦Art can have several meanings which complicate this claim. Art can be considered â€Å"work that is produced by human creative skill and imagination†. This definition of art does not fit with what the passage is trying to achieve. Therefore it is likely that in this context, the author is referring to â€Å"art† as a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice. Main Argument and Synopsis Astrology should be taken more seriously. There are five key reasons that outline the truth of astrology. First, astrology has been used for over six thousand years and was historically considered to be more accurate than medical professionals. Several scientific studies have been conducted to support astrological findings. Several yearly predictions that were made astrologically have been known to come true with a high success rate. Additionally, astrologers use a twelve-sign system to analyze individual personality traits, one study on these predictions held a 96% accuracy rate. Lastly, some psychologists today have taken to using astrology as a diagnosis tool and to treat their clients. These clients responded positively to their treatment. Main conclusion: A great deal of evidence points to the truth of astrology Separated Arguments The passage â€Å"In Defense of Astrology† presents five arguments for the conclusion that astrologyShow MoreRelatedDevil Highway Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagesjourneys of twenty-six men traveling across the border through one of the most treacherous deserts known to man â€Å"The Devil’s Highway.† The author’s purpose was to let the world be aware of the events going on all around, with the simple modes of persuasion (pathos, ethos, and logos) Urrea makes you consider what worlds, political and economic, have we created that push humans into impossible journeys? What borders have we imposed, both geopolitical and cultural, that separate human beings so completelyRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 1517 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide the reader with little information on the stories background or future events to come. At first glance, the discussion that takes place in story seems like a minor argument between a couple at a train station in Spain. However, upon deeper analysis, this piece takes a stab at one of the touchiest subject’s world-wide - abortion. The female protagonist in this story, Jig, is pregnant and her partner, an American man, wants no part of the typical settled-down lifestyle. For some time the twoRead MoreReason For Transcribing : Why Augustus Did Not Write This Text1664 Words   |  7 Pagesautobiographically styled documentation of his rule and contributions. There is also a historical possibility Augustus did not write this in his â€Å"seventy-sixth year,† but rather after his seventy-fifth birthday due to the last recorded events in the passage (Richardson, 198). Although historians debate this issue, what remains clear is that, â€Å"[†¦] the final version was what Augustus, as he approached his death, wished to hand in as his own account of what he had achieved† (Richardson, 198). As RomansRead MoreIntegrated Planning Matrix4838 Words   |  19 Pagesexposed to an increasing range of different types of texts, as well as coming into contact with texts that reflect not only their heritage but the heritage of those whom they encounter in their regular lives Implementation of Classroom Assessment Techniques (CAT). These include: One-Minute Paper - where students write most important thing that they learned after each lesson; Muddiest Point - similar to One-Minute Paper but where students write that that they didnt understand. Literacy, Numeracy Read MoreAmerican Interest Groups3651 Words   |  15 Pagesmust find common interests, values, beliefs or objectives with politicians of mutual benefit or self-promotion. Interest groups influence policy through their powers of persuasion. It is these techniques of persuasion that will be analysed in the course of this discussion. In this essay we will firstly examine the direct techniques used by interest groups to influence policy, i.e. actions directly engaging the participation of the lobbyists. The fact that sometimes illegal actions are undertakenRead Morehave been observed during the analysis, and since many of these above mentioned overlap (e.g.1800 Words   |  8 Pageshave been observed during the analysis, and since many of these above mentioned overlap (e.g. Notable lists embrace also Charisma words etc.) an analytical division of lexical items has been created, inspired on different references, too. The following examples will provide an insight into the occurrence of punch words in cosmetics advertisements: â€Å"Did you hear the news? New, lower prices on Pro-X, Olay’s most effective, anti-aging regimen. Check stores today and share this with your friends.† (PictureRead More Roger Williams A Key Into the Language of America Essay2181 Words   |  9 Pagesadmiration for the natives insofar as they may be used as a tool. The natives have, in a sense, set a path for the white man to travel. He includes a short dialogue that displays how one may hire the natives to assist in their travels (Williams 339). The passage allows for the ethnocentric concepts to which the English subscribed: the natives are there for their use, their entire societies exist to serve the English, and possibly to learn from them. Applying this concept builds credibility for Williams towardsRead MoreE La America Needs Its Nerds T MC4826 Words   |  27 Pagesextended/controlling Paradox Personification Pun Simile Literary Techniques Argumentation emotional appeals ethical appeals logical appeals Syntax Techniques Antithesis Juxtaposition Omission asyndeton ellipsis Parallelism Polysyndeton Repetition anadiplosis anaphora epanalepsis epistrophe Rhetorical Fragment Rhetorical Question Analysis of a Text Meaning and Effect related to parts of speech, phrases, clauses, sentences, and syntax Rhetorical Analysis Focused on Syntax Evaluate Create Composition TypesRead MoreHabeaus Corpas6626 Words   |  27 Pagespractical expediency at the expense of judicial and constitutional coherency. In the end, the court found a majority through neither persuasion nor principled conviction but, rather, through reluctant compromise in order to achieve a partial resolution rather than none. In other words, argumentation failed and consensus followed from necessity rather than persuasion. The essay explores the question of whether constitutionally guaranteed civil liberties were violated in the ruling. Keywords: US SupremeRead MoreHow Far Do You Agree Cybercrime Is an Ever Increasing Danger2571 Words   |  11 Pagesdocumentaries, to mention but a few. Descriptive style – descriptions represent in words our sensory impressions caught in a moment of time. In much descriptive writing, visual imagery predominates. Descriptive passages are commonly used in essays to support analysis. Analytic style: analysis (literally separating into parts) is not only the source of writing that seeks to explain, it is also a way of thinking, a way of arriving at conclusions (generalizations), or of discovering how conclusions are

Regulating Hypertension Through And Exercise Intervention

Regulating Hypertension Through and Activity and Exercise Intervention The nursing process is an array of steps that provides a formulated structure for the professional nursing practice to adhere by in order to provide exquisite care for every patient (Ackley, Ladwig, Makic, 2017, p. 2). It is used in a variety of nursing situations. The author will use this process to gather information from her family to analyze a problem within her own medical history. The risk for a disease is found using a genogram. Hypertension was determined to be the most prevalent disease based on the assessment of each family member and through her strengths and risks. Through the steps of the nursing process, the author will assess the disease entity†¦show more content†¦These patterns assess an individual’s health status to see if there is a possible problem the may need the assistance of a nursing intervention. It uses the strengths found in a situation to aid in solving the identified problems (Gordon, 2008,1). The health pattern that will be addressed in this paper to help with the hypertension prevention is the Activity-Exercise Pattern. Although the Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern could be used as a health promotion intervention, the Activity-Exercise pattern is a more realistic way for the author to maintain a healthy blood pressure. The reason in which it would be harder to follow the Nutrition-Metabolic Pattern for the author is that there is no access to a kitchen, meaning that all of her food must be prepared for her, making it difficult to monitor her food intake. According to Gordon (2008), the Activity-Exercise Pattern is important for the reason that it is â€Å"one of the major activities of daily living. When challenged by illness, it can affect nearly all other health patterns† (p. 45). Physical fitness correlates with lowering the rate of obtaining hypertension. (Faselis et al., 2014). Current Practice and Intervention The Activity- Exercise pattern was chosen because it is the most realistic way for the author to monitor her blood pressure. Currently the author exercises for about 45 minutes, 2 times a week. Through a family practice, the author hasShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Between Higher Dispositional Mindfulness1134 Words   |  5 Pagesand the left caudate. Since amygdala is known to regulate central stress responses, the decrease in its volume in mindful individuals could signify the effect of such intervention in managing and reducing anxiety (Taren et al., 2013). Moreover, as suggested by Taren et al. (2013), the right amygdala might be involved in regulating immediate aggregate responses whereas the left amygdala is in charge of processing affect-related language, which suggests that mindfulness could affect each hemisphereRead MoreBehavioral Health Prevention of Diabetes3251 Words   |  14 Pagesof diabetes. Diabetes can be control through a person lifestyle, by changing their diet, regulating their weight, and exercising regularly. Blood sugar level should be keep at a stable level and healthy level. Type 1 treatment needed to management of insulin and type 2 diabetes treatments focuses on weight control, exercise, and diet reducing sugar and carbohydrate intake and keeping total number of calories intake a day. Educational interventions are very important to controlling diabetesRead MoreCareer Oriented Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1284 Words   |  6 Pagesdecrease symptoms of depression (3) general skill rehearsal for emotion management (4) role modeling assertive and positive behavior and (5) providing interventions for safety. Background/HX: James is a Caucasian, developmentally disabled adult male who, according to his file, has been diagnosed with Moderate Mental Retardation, Depression, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia and Gout. James has been a Community Protection client at Ambitions since 1/25/99. Prior to placement at Ambitions, James residedRead MoreCase Study for Chf7166 Words   |  29 PagesIncreasing breathlessness on lying flat, called orthopnea, occurs. ⠝â€" Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea also known as cardiac asthma, a sudden nighttime attack of severe breathlessness, usually several hours after going to sleep. ⠝â€" Fatigue and exercise intolerance ⠝â€" Dizziness ⠝â€" Confusion ⠝â€" Tachypnea (increased rate of breathing) and increased work of breathing (non-specific signs of respiratory distress). ⠝â€" Rales or crackles, heard initially in the lung bases, and whenRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Debilitating And Chronic Disease2358 Words   |  10 Pagescomplications, which includes amputations of extremities, blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, hypertension, neuropathy, stroke, and can cause plaque built up within the arterial walls. However, diabetes, along with the complications associated with it, are preventable through a healthy diet and regular exercise. Weight loss improves insulin resistance and reduces the risk of developing hypertension. Smoking is another risk factor for the development of diabetes. Smoking increases the abdominalRead MoreHealth And Life Style Of Graduate Students At Central Michigan University6928 Words   |  28 Pagesthe outcome of life years that could have been saved per 10,000 people if each preventive service was delivered to the target population in their prior years. Similarly, they calculated the medical costs and medical sav ings per person per year of intervention. They figured out the total medical costs and medical savings per total population and compared that with the U.S personal care spending (Catlin A, Cowan C, Hartman M, Heffler S 2006).When results were analyzed the researchers found out that byRead MoreHealth And Life Style Of Graduate Students At Central Michigan University6928 Words   |  28 Pagesthe outcome of life years that could have been saved per 10,000 people if each preventive service was delivered to the target population in their prior years. Similarly, they calculated the medical costs and medical savings per person per year of intervention. They figured out the total medical costs and medical savings per total population and compared that with the U.S personal care spending (Catlin A, Cowan C, Hartman M, Heffler S 2006).When results were analyzed the researchers found out that byRead MoreObesity : A Growing Problem1780 Words   |  8 Pagescheap, quick access, and takes no w aiting time. Through the years studies have shown an increase in obesity throughout the country. This is a major cause of concern for Americans. Research has shown that factors like socioeconomic status, race/ ethnicity, and poor eating habits are related to this growing epidemic. Obesity is an issue that can be resolved by increasing exercise, making better nutritional choices, and having physician intervention. Over the last few decades, obesity has become aRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive And Neurodegenerative Form Of Dementia2437 Words   |  10 Pagesboth types of medications together(alz.org). Other treatments may also include antioxidants (such as vitamin E, anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, statins (for lowering cholesterol), blood pressure control, antidepressants, nutrition, exercise, cognitive intervention, psychiatric medication for behavioral disturbances, and supportive therapy (Levine, 2006). All of the prescription medications currently approved to treat Alzheimer’s symptoms in early to moderate stages are from a class of drugs calledRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes1988 Words   |  8 Pages(BMI) at which additional weight increases risk for diabetes varies with different racial groups. For example, compared with persons of European ancestry, persons of Asian ancestry are at increased risk for diabetes at lower levels of overweight. Hypertension and prehypertension are associated with a greater risk of developing diabetes in whites than in African Americans (ADA, 2014). There major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus such as age greater than 45 years (though, type 2 diabetes mellitus

What Are Good Essay Topics for College Essays - What Is It?

What Are Good Essay Topics for College Essays - What Is It? Thus, you've got to consider from the view of an artist to come up with a superior body paragraph of A level essay. Reflective essay writing takes events and things that happened previously and puts them in a distinctive perspective. You must also think of what you want to modify in your course work or project. Additionally, you wish to go for an essay topic that's going to permit you to demonstrate your skills to the best of your ability. Thanks to the correct selection of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you need to accomplish in your essay, there are plenty of categories essay themes may be broken into. You want to discover whether or not you have achieved your objectives. The outline ought to be made in accordance to the significance of the thoughts and arguments that you'd be incorporating in GED essay writing. The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task beca use you have to clearly show your analytical skills. Writing the college application essay is a difficult gig. You'll be astonished how many you find. All you need to do is select the category or kind of essay that you are assigned to write for school. There are numerous GED essay topics provided to the students in GED essay writing exams which make it hard to manage. The Battle Over What Are Good Essay Topics for College Essays and How to Win It Persuasive or argumentative essays are supposed to convince the audience of ones viewpoint about a specific topic. Categories, essay topics could be divided into. Controversial topics work nicely for speeches and essays, since they typically evoke strong opinions on either side. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for What Are Good Essay Topics for College Essays Informative essays ar e somewhat more descriptive. Choice of the essay topic is important portion of your efforts to compose a fantastic essay. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. There are a lot of essay topics that you may select from. Whether you need assistance with expository essays papers, persuasive essay papers, narrative essays or some other kind of essay paper, be certain to look for academic assistance from our experts. If you by chance turn into a teacher, you will have to compose a lot more essays. If so, you're in for writing a fantastic essay. Writing a great persuasive essay is not an easy job, however, it's achievable. If you discover an intriguing idea in your absolutely free writing text, but you're not certain about the topic yet, consider doing everything over again. The fantastic thing about our website is you may discover a great deal of interesting suggestions that will get you thinking about what essay you'd like to write. You might be interested in a topic but not have the background or capacity to handle it into a paper. Needless to say, it's important to opt for a topic which suits you. Essay writing has at all times been a component of the majority of university and college curri culum. If you're applying to a college that doesn't accept the Common App, you will have to answer their precise essay questions. Explain your commitments, and you're going to be the sort of student colleges find immensely attractive. When you're at college or school, one of the chief tasks you need to do is write essays. The Argument About What Are Good Essay Topics for College Essays While writing the essay you should be certain that your essay is totally free from all sorts of errors like grammatical or spelling in order to save your time in the revision practice. The thesis provides you with a guideline about how to go about with writing the essay. Fallacies happen when the writer doesn't have strong support for those arguments to be stated. What Are Good Essay Topics for College Essays Features Many applicants don't make the most of the essaythey choose the incorrect question, write about an inappropriate subject, or merely fail to collect a compelling essay. If you se lect a challenging essay topic for a specific reason, or when you have zero choice and thegiven topic doesn't interest you much, do take the aid of Professional Advisers. As long as it's linked to your specific region of study, it ought to be guaranteed to be the proper topic for you. Even if you believe you know what you would like to write about, take a while to brainstorm prospective topics before proceeding. In the left column, you could set the principal points from your initial text. You will probably lose your emotional balance whilst dealing with these kinds of topics. To be fair, however, you will find that one of the very first things you have to do is become a specialist on the matter. To the contrary, it may also be quite interesting to work on only in case you have good topic in your hands since it's regarded as the backbone of an evaluative essay.

The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Organization Growth

Questions: 1. What is the impact of transformational leadership of top leaders on organizations growth? 2. How transformational leadership can drive the growth and development for large organizations? Answers: SECTION 1: 1.1 Introduction Transformational leadership is often defined as the that particular style of leadership which encourages the leader to participate in the various operational activities of the organization, to make significant contribution to the process of defining the changes that must be incorporated within the organization, to assist the subordinates in defining the aims an objective of the change management process and to execute the said changes in a committed manner (Clarke, 2013). Researchers al-Dumur and al-Awamilah (2013) are of the opinion that the transformational leadership style is one of the most appreciated and most successful organizational leadership styles that are practiced in the real world. The primary objective of this paper is to provide insight in to a project aimed at assessing the impact of transformational leadership style on the growth of organizations. A brief description of the problem would be stated, along with the identification of the aims and objectives of the research work. The research work is being conducted to find the answers to certain queries: the said questions would also be mentioned in the paper, along with the methods chosen for conducting the research work. 1.2 Problem Statement Transformational leadership is often considered as that particular type of leadership styles that emphasizes on providing the subordinates with long term vision based motivations, thus enhancing the entire work environment (Choudhary, Akhtar Zaheer, 2013). Numerous research works have been conducted in the recent past with the aim of identifying the most appropriate and successful method of organizations and the findings of majority of such studies indicated that the utilization of transformational leadership style has been found effective in increasing the efficiency of the employees, thus enhancing the financial benefits of the organization (Roueche et al. 2012). However, very few studies have been directed towards the identification of the relationship between the said leadership style and the overall growth of the organization. The absence of scholarly works in the said domain has encouraged the researchers to make an attempt at identifying the manner in which transformational leadership styles influence the overall goal of a business organization. 1.3 Research Objectives/Questions 1.3.1. Aim of the research work The aim of the said research work is to identify the impact of transformational leadership styles on the overall growth of an organization, besides revealing the manner in which the said leadership style can be effectively used to escalate organizational development and growth. 1.3.2. Objective of the research work The objectives of this research work are: To identify and analyze the impact of transformational leadership styles on the overall growth of an organization. To reveal the manner in which the transformational leadership style can be effectively used to escalate organizational development and growth. 1.3.3 Research questions The proposed research work would be conducted so as to find the answers to the following sets of questions: How does transformational leadership practices of the higher management influence the growth of an organization? How transformational leadership can be efficiently used to drive the overall growth and organizational development for business corporations? 1.4 Justification Of The Project It has already been mentioned that in spite of the fact that transformational leadership style is unanimously considered as the most efficient manner leading the subordinates within an organizational infrastructure, the number of research conducted towards the identification of the influence of transformational leadership styles on organizational growth factors. Thus, conducting the proposed research work is justified as it would facilitate the identification of the following factors: The effect or impact of transformational leaders (or their leadership styles) on the daily operational activities of business organizations. The efficient utilization of the principle of transformational leadership in escalating the growth of business organizations. The findings of this research work would be efficiently used by organizational leaders to boost up the morale of their employees, thus enhancing their efficiency: a much used route for achieving organizational growth. The findings of this research work would also be of much help to organizations that encourage transformational leadership styles but still struggling with finding the route to organizational growth. Last but not the least, the findings of this research work can be used to conduct a comparative study between the efficiency of various leadership styles in making a business organization grow. 1.5 Expected Research Output/Outcome It is being expected that the findings of this research work would help in the development of a conceptual framework, which in turn could be utilized in understanding how transformationa leaders can influence the growth of an organization in a direct or indirect manner. Besides this, the said research work would be helpful in revealing the strategies that transformational leaders use to ensure both financial and organizational growth of business enterprises. The proposed research work is expected to find answers to all the research questions defined in the section above: the literature review, data collection and data analysis sections would in evidently help in creating a blue print for the successful and efficient utilization of the transformational leadership principles in the practice. It is expected that organizations that are striving at finding the right leadership strategy or the entrepreneurs who are considering setting up new ventures would be immensely benefitted by the findings of the research work. SECTION II: 2.1 Conceptual Framework Researchers (Lowe and Avolio, 2013) have made an attempt of identifying the most common leadership factors that are capable of influencing the growth of an organization: the factors revealed by them include the technical and industrial knowledge of the leader in concern, the manner in which he or she motivates the subordinates, the personality of the said leader and his / her motives. Authors Van Dierendonck et al. (2014) on the other had are of the opinion that the higher management of an organization can play a significant role in escalating the growth of an enterprises. Researchers Baloch, Ali and Zaman (2014) second their opinion as they are of the opinion that the higher management retains the unique capability of managing the manner in which the employees interact with each other, maintain a competitive spirit among the employees and develop a healthy work environment: needless to say that all these factors are essential for the growth of an organization. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of organizational growth 2.2 Research Hypothesis In the light of the research objectives and research questions stated in section 1, the following research hypothesis are being stated so as to be tested during the research work: H (1): Null Hypothesis: Transformational leadership has no impact on the growth and development of an organization. H (2): Alternate Hypothesis: Transformational leadership has significant impact on the growth and development of an organization. 2.3 Research Methodology The following research methodologies would be utilized for conducting the research work: Literature review: Researchers Takhar-Lail and Ghorbani (2015) are of the opinion that conducting a review of the existing literary articles provides an insight in to the domain being studied upon. A detailed literature survey would thus be conducted so as to collect secondary information on the research topic. Data collection: It has already been mentioned that the primary objective of conducting the research work would be to collect information from secondary sources. On the other hand, primary data to be utilized in the research work would be collected using the following techniques: Group interviews: Veteran organizational leaders would be interviewed so as to collect information regarding their leadership styles and the efforts they made towards the growth of the organizations they have been associated with (Coleman Ringrose (2013). Online questionnaires would be utilized to collect information from individuals willing to participate in the survey (Wahyuni, 2012). The questioner would be set up keeping the objective of the research work in mind and is expected to reveal information useful for the study. Data analysis: The collected using the above mentioned techniques would be interpreted using both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. Quantitative data analysis: The two techniques to be utilized by quantitative data analysis include descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing . The term descriptive statistics can be utilized to define the process of collecting statistical data from secondary resources ( including the standard deviation, mean, mode and median of the key variables of the research work), so as to compare the position of each of the values with that of the mean (Amelina, 2012). On the other hand, hypothesis testing would be utilized so as to understand whether the data collected during the research study supports the research hypothesis or not (Petty, Thomson and Stew, 2012). Besides this, the technique of regression analysis would also be utilized for interpreting the information shared by the individuals who participated in the survey (Feinsinger, 2013). Qualitative data analysis: The information collected from the secondary sources of data (including existing literary articles, scholarly papers, etc) interpreted so as to develop the relationship between the various information available from the interviews and the online surveys (Finley, 2014). It is expected that the utilization of the above mentioned methods would facilitate the process of meeting the objectives of the research work SECTION III: The following section of the report presents a detailed description of the manner in which the findings of the proposed research work would be published, along with the estimated time and budget required for conducting the project in a successful manner. 3.1 Organization of the Study The findings of the proposed research work would be presented in form of a report: the contents of the report being segregated in to the following sections: Chapter 1: Introduction The very first chapter of the report would be utilized to introduce the research topic to the audience: a brief description of the research domain, along with the formal definition of transformational leadership would be presented in this section. Besides this, the aim and objective of the research work, along with the justification behind the selection of the research topic would be presented in this chapter. Chapter 2: Literature Review The conduction of a background literature is considered to be an essential element of any research work: the second chapter of the report would be utilized to discuss the information available from the existing literary works. Chapter 3: Research Methodology It is a well known fact that the identification of appropriate research techniques facilitates the conduction of successful research works. Thus, the third chapter of the report would be utilized to identify the techniques that have been utilized in conducting the research work: justification for the selection of the said techniques would also be mentioned in this chapter. Along with the above mentioned factors, discussions would also be made on the interview questions and the online questionnaire that have been utilized for collecting information from the primary data sources. Chapter 4: Data Analysis The data collected from the primary and secondary sources of data would be analyzed using various analytical techniques: the results of this analysis would be described in chapter 4 of the report. Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations This would be the last and concluding chapter of the report: the findings of the research work would be presented in a comprehended manner, besides pinpointing the direction in which further research works can be conducted. Attempts would also be made toward assessing the success of the research work with respect to its aim and objectives. 3.2 Project Schedule The project has been scheduled in the following manner: Table 1: Estimated time schedule Outline Number Task Name Duration Start Finish 0 Research work 87 days? Fri 7/1/16 Mon 10/31/16 1 Start date 0 days Fri 7/1/16 Fri 7/1/16 2 Topic Selection 22 days? Fri 7/1/16 Mon 8/1/16 2.1 Considering a wide range of topics to conduct research on 10 days Fri 7/1/16 Thu 7/14/16 2.2 conducting primary background research on the selected topics 5 days Fri 7/15/16 Thu 7/21/16 2.3 Finalizing the domain of research 5 days Fri 7/22/16 Thu 7/28/16 2.4 Research topic finalized 1 day? Fri 7/29/16 Fri 7/29/16 2.5 finalizing the research topic 2 days Fri 7/29/16 Mon 8/1/16 2.6 research topic finalized 0 days Mon 8/1/16 Mon 8/1/16 3 Creating the layout of the research work 10 days Tue 8/2/16 Mon 8/15/16 3.1 Forming the research plan 5 days Tue 8/2/16 Mon 8/8/16 3.2 Selecting the research techniques to be used 5 days Tue 8/9/16 Mon 8/15/16 4 Data collection 25 days? Tue 8/16/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.1 collecting data from secondary sources 7 days Tue 8/16/16 Wed 8/24/16 4.1.1 literature review 7 days Tue 8/16/16 Wed 8/24/16 4.2 collecting data from primary sources 18 days? Thu 8/25/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.2.1 Conducting group interviews 4 days? Thu 8/25/16 Tue 8/30/16 4.2.1.1 Group interview 1 1 day? Thu 8/25/16 Thu 8/25/16 4.2.1.2 Group interview 2 1 day? Fri 8/26/16 Fri 8/26/16 4.2.1.3 Group interview 3 1 day? Mon 8/29/16 Mon 8/29/16 4.2.1.4 Group interview 4 1 day? Tue 8/30/16 Tue 8/30/16 4.2.2 Online survey 18 days Thu 8/25/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.2.2.1 creating the questionnaire 3 days Thu 8/25/16 Mon 8/29/16 4.2.2.2 conducting the survey 15 days Tue 8/30/16 Mon 9/19/16 4.3 data collection completed 0 days Mon 9/19/16 Mon 9/19/16 5 Analysis and Interpretation of the information collected 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 5.1 qualitative analysis 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 5.2 quantitative analysis 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 5.3 data analysis completed 0 days Mon 10/3/16 Mon 10/3/16 6 Arriving at the conclusions 3 days Tue 10/4/16 Thu 10/6/16 7 Creating a rough draft to present the findings of the research work 7 days Fri 10/7/16 Mon 10/17/16 8 Publishing the results of the research work 10 days Tue 10/18/16 Mon 10/31/16 9 End date 0 days Mon 10/31/16 Mon 10/31/16 Figure 2: Gantt char of the project 3.3 Project Budget and Budget Justification The estimated budget of the project is being provided in the following table: Table 2: Estimated budgetary requirements Outline Number Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Resource Names Cost 0 Research work 87 days? Fri 7/1/16 Mon 10/31/16 $4,000.00 1 Start date 0 days Fri 7/1/16 Fri 7/1/16 $0.00 2 Topic Selection 22 days? Fri 7/1/16 Mon 8/1/16 $0.00 2.1 Considering a wide range of topics to conduct research on 10 days Fri 7/1/16 Thu 7/14/16 1 $0.00 2.2 conducting primary background research on the selected topics 5 days Fri 7/15/16 Thu 7/21/16 3 $0.00 2.3 Finalizing the domain of research 5 days Fri 7/22/16 Thu 7/28/16 4 $0.00 2.4 Research topic finalized 1 day? Fri 7/29/16 Fri 7/29/16 5 $0.00 2.5 finalizing the research topic 2 days Fri 7/29/16 Mon 8/1/16 5 $0.00 2.6 research topic finalized 0 days Mon 8/1/16 Mon 8/1/16 7 $0.00 3 Creating the layout of the research work 10 days Tue 8/2/16 Mon 8/15/16 $0.00 3.1 Forming the research plan 5 days Tue 8/2/16 Mon 8/8/16 7 $0.00 3.2 Selecting the research techniques to be used 5 days Tue 8/9/16 Mon 8/15/16 10 $0.00 4 Data collection 25 days? Tue 8/16/16 Mon 9/19/16 $3,000.00 4.1 collecting data from secondary sources 7 days Tue 8/16/16 Wed 8/24/16 $1,000.00 4.1.1 literature review 7 days Tue 8/16/16 Wed 8/24/16 11 Literature Review[1] $1,000.00 4.2 collecting data from primary sources 18 days? Thu 8/25/16 Mon 9/19/16 data collection[1] $2,000.00 4.2.1 Conducting group interviews 4 days? Thu 8/25/16 Tue 8/30/16 $0.00 4.2.1.1 Group interview 1 1 day? Thu 8/25/16 Thu 8/25/16 14 $0.00 4.2.1.2 Group interview 2 1 day? Fri 8/26/16 Fri 8/26/16 17 $0.00 4.2.1.3 Group interview 3 1 day? Mon 8/29/16 Mon 8/29/16 18 $0.00 4.2.1.4 Group interview 4 1 day? Tue 8/30/16 Tue 8/30/16 19 $0.00 4.2.2 Online survey 18 days Thu 8/25/16 Mon 9/19/16 $0.00 4.2.2.1 creating the questionnaire 3 days Thu 8/25/16 Mon 8/29/16 14 $0.00 4.2.2.2 conducting the survey 15 days Tue 8/30/16 Mon 9/19/16 22 $0.00 4.3 data collection completed 0 days Mon 9/19/16 Mon 9/19/16 23 $0.00 5 Analysis and Interpretation of the information collected 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 data analysis[1] $1,000.00 5.1 qualitative analysis 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 23,20 $0.00 5.2 quantitative analysis 10 days Tue 9/20/16 Mon 10/3/16 23,20 $0.00 5.3 data analysis completed 0 days Mon 10/3/16 Mon 10/3/16 27 $0.00 6 Arriving at the conclusions 3 days Tue 10/4/16 Thu 10/6/16 26,27 $0.00 7 Creating a rough draft to present the findings of the research work 7 days Fri 10/7/16 Mon 10/17/16 29 $0.00 8 Publishing the results of the research work 10 days Tue 10/18/16 Mon 10/31/16 30 $0.00 9 End date 0 days Mon 10/31/16 Mon 10/31/16 31 $0.00 As depicted in the table, it has been assumed that cost associated with conducting the literature review would be $ 1000 approximately: it includes the cost associated with gaining access to the recently published literary articles (most article repositories encourage subscriptions to be made for full access of the literary works), besides other miscellaneous costs. The cost associated with the data collection process has been estimated to be approximately $ 2000: this includes the costs associated with conducting the group interviews (the cost of hardware and software tools for recording information, providing travelling expenses to the participants, etc), the cost associated with the development of the questionnaire and conducting the online survey. On the other hand, the analysis and the interpretation of the information collected from the primary sources would require the utilization of specialized software tools: the licensing of these tools along with the maintenance of the computer devices to be utilized for this purpose would definitely incur an expenditure of around $ 1000. Thus, the estimated cost of conducting the research work is $ 4,000 approximately. Bibliography al-Dumur, H., al-Awamilah, R. (2013). Effects of transactional and transformational leadership styles of sales managers on job satisfaction and self-perceived performance of sales people: A study of Jordanian manufacturing public shareholding companies. Amelina, A. (Ed.). (2012). Beyond methodological nationalism: Research methodologies for cross-border studies (Vol. 24). Routledge. Amelina, A., Faist, T. (2012). De-naturalizing the national in research methodologies: Key concepts of transnational studies in migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(10), 1707-1724. Arthur, J. (Ed.). (2012). Research methods and methodologies in education. Sage publications. Baloch, Q. B., Ali, N., Zaman, G. (2014). Measuring employees commitment as outcome of transformational and transactional leadership styles: an empirical study. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 208-214. Choudhary, A. I., Akhtar, S. A., Zaheer, A. (2013). Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organizational performance: A comparative analysis. Journal of business ethics, 116(2), 433-440. Clarke, S. (2013). Safety leadership: A meta analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(1), 22-49. Coleman, R., Ringrose, J. (Eds.). (2013). Deleuze and research methodologies. Edinburgh University Press. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A., Sen, S. (2013). The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility. Journal of business ethics, 114(1), 155-169. Feinsinger, P. (2013). Research methodologies in applied and basic ecology: which am I following, and why?. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL, 86(4), 385-402. Finley, S. (2014). An Introduction to Critical Arts-Based Research Demonstrating Methodologies and Practices of a Radical Ethical Aesthetic. Cultural Studies Critical Methodologies, 1532708614548123. Garca-Morales, V. J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M. M., Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), 1040-1050. Kelly, J. R., Benetti, P., Rungruanganunt, P., Della Bona, A. (2012). The slippery slopecritical perspectives on in vitro research methodologies. Dental Materials, 28(1), 41-51. Lowe, K. B., Avolio, B. J. (2013). Uldarico Rex Dumdum (2013), Addendum: Dont You Love it When a Plan Comes Together? Update on Meta-Analytic Findings for Transformational and Transactional Leadership. Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition (Monographs in Leadership and Management, Volume 5) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 5, 71-75. Moriano, J. A., Molero, F., Topa, G., Mangin, J. P. L. (2014). The influence of transformational leadership and organizational identification on intrapreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(1), 103-119. Petty, N. J., Thomson, O. P., Stew, G. (2012). Ready for a paradigm shift? Part 2: Introducing qualitative research methodologies and methods. Manual therapy, 17(5), 378-384. Rothfelder, K., Ottenbacher, M. C., Harrington, R. J. (2013). The impact of transformational, transactional and non-leadership styles on employee job satisfaction in the German hospitality industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1467358413493636. Roueche, J. E., Baker III, G. A., Rose, R. R. (2014). Shared vision: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Rowman Littlefield. Shahhosseini, M., Silong, A. D., Ismaill, I. A. (2013). Relationship between transactional, transformational leadership styles, emotional intelligence and job performance. Researchers World, 4(1), 15. Takhar-Lail, A., Ghorbani, A. (2015). Market Research Methodologies: Multi-Method and Qualitative. Van Dierendonck, D., Stam, D., Boersma, P., De Windt, N., Alkema, J. (2014). Same difference? Exploring the differential mechanisms linking servant leadership and transformational leadership to follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(3), 544-562. Wahyuni, D. (2012). The research design maze: Understanding paradigms, cases, methods and methodologies. Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research, 10(1), 69-80. Whong, M. K., Wright, C. (2013). Scope and research methodologies. Zhang, Y. (2013). Urban metabolism: a review of research methodologies. Environmental pollution, 178, 463-473.

An Effective Mechanism to Diminish Arbitrary Exercise of Discretionary Power free essay sample

An Effective Mechanism to Diminish Arbitrary Exercise of Discretionary Power â€Å"If judicial review of administrative decision is the heart of administrative law, then concept of natural justice is one of the suppliers of blood to that heart. It is inherent in rule of law and our thirst for justice. † Abstract Natural justice is considered to be as old as the system of dispensation of justice itself. Since its move toward administrative adjudication, it has been the defender of fairness and justice in exercise of discretionary power of administration. The artificial distinction between judicial and administrative adjudication has blurred. Natural justice ensures the minimum procedural fairness in administrative adjudication. Right to fair hearing before an impartial and unbiased forum has been the key to ensure fairness and diminish arbitrariness in exercise of discretionary power. This paper seems to propose that the battle between fairness and arbitrariness, however, has been a continuous one and natural justice keeps its role as diminisher of arbitrariness open to play. We will write a custom essay sample on An Effective Mechanism to Diminish Arbitrary Exercise of Discretionary Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 Introduction Natural justice, as a concept relating to administrative adjudication, can be defined as the unwritten law of fairness. This age-old principle has been applied to administrative and adjudication process to ensure procedural fairness and to free them from arbitrariness. In Bangladesh, there is no statute providing for procedural fairness which administration should follow in exercise of discretionary power. It is natural justice which invokes the minimum fair procedures which should be followed in administrative decision making. This paper, in part two, will show that the concept of Natural Justice and its application in Justice delivery system is not new. It seems to be as old as the system of dispensation of justice itself. The Principles were accepted as early as in the days of Adam and of Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Then this paper will move to look into how concept of natural justice was invoked into the administrative decision making. It will be  shown that initially the principles of natural justice used to be applied to courts of law alone but later on from judicial sphere it extended, to the tribunals exercising quasi-judicial functions and then to the statutory authorities and the administrative authorities, who have upon them, the responsibility of determining civil rights or obligations of the people. After examining application of the concept in administrative adjudication, the paper will concentrate in examining two basic principles of natural justice to how these principles diminish arbi trary exercise of discretionary power. In this part, it will be revealed that natural justice ensures minimum procedural fairness in administrative decision making. It precludes a partial and biased tribunal from adjudicating. It obliges the tribunal to provide show reasons of its decisions with precisions. While fair tribunal is less probable to decide arbitrarily, showing reasons for the decision decreases significantly limits the scope of whimsical and arbitrary decision making. In at the end of the paper, it will be proposed that the Battle between fairness and arbitrariness has been a continuous one and natural justice has fought to defeat arbitrariness. Since its move toward administrative adjudication, natural justice has been the defender of fairness and justice in exercise of discretionary power of administration. 2 Natural justice: the ‘unwritten law of fairness’ Natural justice implies fairness, equity and equality. This age-old principle has been applied to administrative and adjudication process to ensure procedural fairness and to free them from arbitrariness. Different jurists have described the principle in different ways. Some called it as the unwritten law (jus non scriptum) or the law of reason. It has, however not been found to be capable of being defined, but some jurists have described the principle as a great humanising principle intended to invest law with fairness to secure justice and to prevent miscarriage of justice. With the passage of time, some principles have evolved and crystallised which are well recognized principles of natural justice. Today the question of control of administrative discretionary power is perhaps the most critical and crucial problem of administrative law. In modern democracies the role and jurisdiction of administrative agencies is increasing at a rapid pace. The concept of Rule of Law would loose its validity if the instrumentalities of the State are not charged with the duty of discharging these functions in a fair and just manner. However, there is no statute laying down the minimum procedure which administrative agencies must follow while exercising decision-making powers. This minimum fair procedure refers to the principles of natural justice. Lord Viscount Haldane outlined principle of natural justice in the following word: â€Å" those whose duty it is to decide must act judicially. They must deal with the question referred to them without bias and they must give to each of the parties the opportunity of adequately presenting the case made. The decision must come to the spirit and with the sense of responsibility of a tribunal whose duty it is to meet out justice. † Natural justice, as a concept of common law, represents higher procedural principles developed by the courts, which every judicial, quasi-judicial and administrative agency must follow while taking any decision adversely affecting the rights of a private individual. The principles of natural justice were associated with a few ‘accepted rules’ which have been built up and pronounced over a long period of time. The word ‘Natural Justice’ manifests justice according to one’s own conscience. It is derived from the Roman Concept ‘jus naturale’ and ‘Lex naturale’ which meant principle of natural law, natural justice, eternal law, natural equity or good conscience. Lord Evershed, Master of the Rolls in Vionet v Barrett (1985, 55 LLJ QB, 39, Page 45) remarked, â€Å"Natural Justice is the natural sense of what is right and wrong. There is no statute laying down the minimum procedure which administrative agencies must follow while exercising decision-making powers. This minimum fair procedure refers to the principles of natural justice. Natural Justice is an expression of English common law. Lord Viscount Haldane outlined principle of natural justice in the following word: â€Å" those whose duty it is to decide must act judicially. They must deal with the question referred to them without bias and they must give to each of the parties the opportunity of adequately presenting the case made. The decision must come to the spirit and with the sense of responsibility of a tribunal whose duty it is to meet out justice. † While the term natural justice is often retained as a general concept, it has largely been replaced and extended by the more general duty to act fairly. Parpworth in his ‘Constitutional and Administrative Law’ views that linguistic difficulties with natural justice have forced the courts, in recent time, to use fairness as a concept to ensure minimum procedural propriety. Lord Parker C. J. in Re H. K. [1967] 2 Q. B. 617, 630 (C. A.) said that ‘[it] is not, as I see it, a question of acting or being required to act judicially, but of being required to act fairly’. Concept of natural justice has a close relation with fairness. The Supreme Court of India outlined the relation of fairness with natural justice in the following words: ‘Indeed, natural justice is a pervasive facet of secular law where a spiritual touch enlivens legislation, administration and adjudication, to make fairness a creed of life. It has many colours and shades, many forms and shapes and, save where valid law excludes, it applies when people are affected by acts of authority. It is the bone of healthy government†¦.. Thus ‘natural justice’, as a concept relating to administrative adjudication, can be defined as the unwritten law of fairness. In Bangladesh, there is no statute providing for procedural fairness which administration should follow in exercise of discretionary power. It is natural justice which invokes the minimum fair procedures which should be followed in administrative decision making. 3 The First Man’s experience with natural justice: A Twenty First Century Analysis The concept of Natural Justice and its application in Justice delivery system is not new. It seems to be as old as the system of dispensation of justice itself. The Principles were accepted as early as in the days of Adam and of Kautilya’s Arthashastra. According to the Bible and Quran, when Adam amp; Eve ate the fruit forbidden by God, the God did not pass sentence on Adam before he was called upon to defend himself. Concept of natural justice was known to Greek and Romans. Aristotle, before the era of Christ, spoke of such principles calling it as universal law. Justinian, in the fifth and sixth Centuries A. D. called it jura naturalia i.

Asking Questions for Advanced Classes

Asking Questions for Advanced Classes Speaking skills include the ability to listen, and that means asking meaningful questions. In class, teachers often take over the task of asking probing questions, but sometimes the students dont quite enough practice in this essential task in any conversation. This lesson plan focuses on helping students improve their question-asking skills to move beyond just basic questions. Students - even higher level students - often run into problems when asking questions. This is due to a number of causes: i.e., teachers are the ones that usually ask questions, the inversion of the auxiliary verb and subject can be especially tricky for many students. This simple lesson focuses on helping higher (intermediate to upper intermediate) level students focus on some of the more difficult question forms. Aim Improving speaking confidence when using question difficult question forms Activity Intensive review of advanced question forms followed by student gap question exercises. Level Intermediate to upper intermediate Outline Focus on auxiliary verb usage by making a number of statements in tenses the students are familiar with. Ask students to identify the auxiliary verb in each case.Ask a student or students to explain the underlying scheme of the object question form (i.e., ? word Auxiliary Subject Verb). Have students give a number of examples in different tenses.Review the question forms of some of the more difficult tenses and constructions such as: conditionals, used to, present perfect continuous, past perfect, etc.Split students up into pairs. Distribute worksheet and ask students to ask an appropriate question for the given answer taking turns.Follow-up check of questions either by circulating through the student pairs or as a group.Ask students to each take the second exercise (one for Student A the other for Student B) and complete the gaps by asking their partner for the missing information.Solidify question forms by quickly playing a verb inversion game using the various tenses (i.e., Teache r: I live in the city. Student: Where do you live? etc.) Exercise 1: Ask an Appropriate Question for the Response It was really rather wet and windy with temperatures well below normal.Since eight oclock this morning.I was cleaning up.Id buy a new house.She cant be at home, I tried to call her a few minutes ago.Why dont you go shopping?For about 2 years. Exercise 2: Ask Questions to Fill the Gaps With the Missing Information Student A The last few weeks have been very difficult for my friend ______. He discovered that he hadnt insured his car after his car was stolen __________. He immediately went to his insurance agent, but she told him that he had only bought ____________, and not against theft. He became really angry and ________________, but, of course, he didnt do that in the end. So, he hasnt been driving for the past two weeks, but ___________ to get to work. He works at a company about 15 miles from his home in __________. It used to take him only twenty minutes to get to work. Now, he has to get up at ___________ in order to catch the seven oclock bus. If he had more money, he would ___________. Unfortunately, he had just spent most of his savings on an _____________ before his car was stolen. He had a wonderful time in Hawaii, but he now says that if he hadnt gone to Hawaii, he wouldnt be having all these problems now. Poor guy. Student B The last few weeks have been very difficult for my friend Jason. He discovered that _______________ after his car was stolen three weeks ago. He immediately went to his ___________, but she told him that he had only bought a policy against accidents, and not ________. He became really angry and threatened to sue the company, but, of course, he didnt do that in the end. So, he hasnt been ___________ for the past two weeks, but has been taking the bus to get to work. He works at a company about __________ from his home in Davonford. It used to take him ____________ to get to work. Now, he has to get up at six oclock __________________________. If he had more money, he would buy a new car. Unfortunately, he had just __________________ on an exotic vacation to Hawaii before his car was stolen. He had a wonderful time in Hawaii, but he now says that if _______________, he wouldnt be having all these problems now. Poor guy.

DQ1 What types of subjects should be discussed with the employee prior Essay

DQ1 What types of subjects should be discussed with the employee prior to the assignment DQ2 What types of data is needed to start the process of gaining an accurate assessment of the training needs - Essay Example ssing fundamental things with the employees before assignments especially difficulties that persons may encounter in the new countries to prepare them. The firm should also discuss with the workers how they would like to be compensated during or after the assignment. Additionally, the firms should discuss with the workers how they would benefit from the international assignments. Some of the benefits may include acquiring the international experience to gain promotions (Reiche & Harzing, 2009). Timely needs analysis is necessary for the training process to become effective. It is equally fundamental to acknowledge that training needs constitute the companies’ expectation after the training. Before the needs assessment, the company needs to have certain data types. The data includes the current performances of individual workers and their expected performances after the training (Barbazette, 2005). The data should also include the current general performance of the organization and the expected general performances following the training. An organization also needs to have information about the resources required to fulfill the training objectives. Additionally, the organization requires the trainees’ occupational data such as their skill and knowledge before and after training (Spectrum,

Career Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career Management Plan - Essay Example The resources are mainly put into career development through trainings. Most career development trainings are paid for, thus, a person aspiring to develop his or her career ought to invest money. The success of a development project cannot be attained is there is no financial backing. Time is an expensive resource in business. Time defines many business aspects such as quality. Career management requires time for training and guidance. A person must devote adequate time to enhance the quality of development. Consequently, the time needed must be at par with the set requirements for a particular development undertaking. Another important resource in career management is building relationships. In the current world, most job opportunities arise from building working relationship with several people with similar interest. Building relationship helps a person to know more about the world of business, thus ripening the chances of a thriving career. Analyzing the need of employees is the single most important point in career management. It is the understanding of the need that drives appropriate actions. The development needs of the employees are brought about by a change in technology, means of production or a change in the management structure of an organization. To undertake career development by systems approach, this is the initial step that should be analyzed. At this point, the trainers are concerned about the content of the training and the level, type and amount exposure that they can instill on the employees. The training should also be interesting on the part of employees so that dating can be easy. This type of career management is common in many firms employing latest technologies. Material needed for training depend on the nature of training, level and type of training. An effective training undertaking must use the relevant material in which the

System Analysis Cinema Booking Information Technology Essay

System Analysis Cinema Booking Information Technology Essay Waterfall Life Cycle: Waterfall life cycle is the most familiar and classic life cycle model. It is sometimes referred to as the classic life cycle or the linear sequential model. It the simplest type of life cycle and very easy to use and understand. In the waterfall life cycle, each phase needs to be completed before the next phase can start. Each phase is separate and does theres no overlapping. Requirements Analysis System Design Implementation Unit Testing Integration System Testing Operation Maintenance Phases: Requirement Analysis: Requirements are collected from end-user consultations and then analyzed. A requirement Specification Document is created which guides the next phases of the model. System Design: System design is prepared by studying the requirements specification from the 1st phase. The hardware requirements are specified in this stage and a picture of the overall system architecture is produced. Implementation Unit Testing: In this phase, the work is divided in small units; actual coding starts. Testing makes sure that the software successfully meets the required specification; and that any errors are identified. Integration System Testing: All units are integrated and tested to ensure that the system meets the requirements. At the end of this stage, the software is delivered to the customer. Operation Maintenance: This is the longest phase in the model. The software is updated in this phase to correct any errors, make the software more efficient and to meet the changing needs of the customers. Advantages: It is a linear sequential model Very easy simple to implement; therefore well suited for small projects It is also cheaper Minimal amount of resources are required to implement this model Testing is done after each phase to ensure the project is on the right path Easily manageable because model is rigid; each phase has certain deliverables a review process after a phase is over, which makes understanding of the designing procedure simpler. Disadvantages: High risk uncertainty. Not suited for long projects where the requirements may change. The working software is only produced late during the life cycle. It is difficult to estimate the cost and time for each stage. No back tracking possible; if an error occurred in the earlier stages of the cycle, it cant be corrected for that batch. V-Shaped Model: The V-Shaped Model is very similar to the Waterfall model life cycle, but testing is done upfront instead of later in the life cycle like in Waterfall model. Like Waterfall model, V-Shaped Model is also a sequential cycle and a new phase is only started after the completion of the previous phase. Each development stage is matched with its respective testing stage; Requirements Æ’Â   System Testing, High-Level Design Æ’Â   Integration Testing, Low-Level Design Æ’Â   Unit Testing. V-Shaped model is very useful for systems which require high reliability. System Testing Requirements Integration Testing High-Level Design Low-Level Design Unit Testing Implementation Phases: Requirements: Commences the life cycle; system test plan is created. High-Level Design: Focuses on design system architecture; integration tests are created. Low-Level Design: Software components are designed unit tests are created. Implementation: Coding takes place in this phase. Advantages: Its easy to use; but not as easy as the waterfall model. More chance of success than the waterfall model due to the early testings. Project moves quickly to the implementation stage. Useful for small projects; considering the requirements are easily understood known upfront. Disadvantages: Bugs in the final stage are very costly to fix. Total development time of v-shaped model is more than the waterfall model. Does not contain any risk analysis activities Throwaway Prototyping model: Very useful in situations the users needs and requirements are not clear. The main objective of this model is to validate or drive the system requirements. This model is developed to reduce the requirement risks. This prototype is developed and then delivered to the user for experiments and then it is discarded, hence throw away prototype; and it should not be considered as a final system. Advantages: Requirement risks are fewer If delivered model does not meet the users needs, then it can be discarded and new models can be developed. Disadvantages: Can be undocumented Developers may be push to deliver the throw away prototype as the final system, which is not recommended. System structure may be degraded due to the changes made during the software development process. Evolutionary Prototyping model: In evolutionary prototyping, the initial prototype is developed and it is then refined through number of stages to final stage. The main objective is to deliver the working system to the user. Verification is not possible because there is no specification. Requirement gathering, Refinement Quick Design Building Prototype Refine Requirement End-User Evaluation End Product Refine Prototype Advantages: System development involves the user Working system is delivered fast A more useful system can be delivered Disdvantages: Time required to complete project is unknown. May have problems; Management, Maintenance and Verification problems. Incremental model: The incremental model is similar to the Waterfall life cycle model, but there are multiple development cycles here, which makes it a multi-waterfall cycle. It has an iterative approach (repeating), and each iteration passes through each of the phases. A working version of software can be produced during the first iteration, which means a functioning software is available early in the cycle. 1st Increment Analysis Test Code Design 1st Increment delivery 2nd Increment 2nd Increment delivery Analysis Test Code Design nth Increment Test Code Design Analysis nth Increment delivery Time Advantages: Working Software can be developed quickly early during the life cycle. Its less costly to change requirements therefore; Flexible. Easier to test and fix errors End-users get to see working software early in the software development life cycle. Disadvantages: The total development cost is higher Well defined project planning is required to distribute the work properly. Spiral Model: Also known as Spiral lifecycle model. This model combines the features of the waterfall model and the prototyping model. The Spiral Model is most commonly used in large, complicated and expensive projects; and constant review is needed to stay on target. The main area in which Spiral model is used is Game development due to the constantly changing goals size of the large project. Cumulative Cost Progress 1. Determine Objectives, Alternatives, Constraints 2. Evaluate alternatives. Identify, and resolve risks. Review 3. Development Tests 4. Plan next Phases Advantages: Important issues can be discovered earlier, which makes estimation of budget schedule more realistic reliable. Good amount of risk analysis Really good for large projects Software can be conceived early in the life cycle. Flexible allows for multiple iterations. Disadvantages: Not suitable for smaller projects Success of the project depends on the risk analysis Costly Requires knowledgeable staff; for risk analysis. 2. Identification of the Functions and Purpose of a Systems Life Cycle. The systems life cycle is a series of well-defined phases in the development of systems. It is very important that a project should meet the required specification, should be within budget and delivered on time. Large system developments can take a long time to be developed and can be very costly too; therefore most organisations use the systems life cycle (stages) to develop systems because it saves time isnt as costly. Programming Maintenance Installation Design Feasibility Study Analysis 1. Feasibility study Different solutions are examined in this stage. First step of this stage is to discover the funds available and then compare with the benefits of the company, in view of their requirements because sometimes in order to arrive at final decision a trade-off (give and take) has to be accepted e.g. less functionality for less cash. There are three different options that a company could choose: Options Benefit Cost Performance Company does not change anything No interference to the business. Least cost System remains outdated. Less efficient N/A Company updates half of the system Least efficient parts are redesigned to improve performance while best parts of the system are not changed Moderate, light training for staff 40% improved Complete upgrade More profitable High, New equipments, Upgraded Software, Training for staff. 80% improved (over the old system) 2. Investigation and Analysis Investigation First step of this stage is to investigate the old system and problem it is causing. There are different ways to find out the problems: Questionnaires and Interviews Observing people using the old system Following the information from the point it enters the system till the point of output. Taking the cause of the problem These steps should lead toward the true cause of the problem Analysis The next part is to analyze how the existing system works how information is handled and how people interact with it. To Analyze, different methods are used e.g. System diagrams This shows the dealings between different systems in the company or outside. System diagram shows how they interact and what depends on what and so on. Data Flow Diagram This shows the movement through the system, how the system deals with the information, how information flows through the system, how dose it connect and disconnect and what the outputs are. Process Diagram This shows how people interact with the system for example an employee makes a claim, first it will go to manager who will counter-sign the claim it will then go to account manager who authorizes payment and so on. 3. Design This stage defines the system in greater detail and the best way to start this stage is to write down exact details of the new system e.g. The data Inputs The data Outputs Screen Layouts Documents that are printed out Procedure of the data that flows through the system The structure of any files that store data How information is accessed And so on The testing procedure comes after the system has been built. In my opinion it is really useful to build a test procedure before starting to build a system because, if you know how the system will be tested, it will lead you towards a better design. Prototype Prototype is something that allows you to build a program without having to worry about the details, it is to confirm that design is likely to work. The master document created in this stage is called System Requirement Document. 4. Programming This stage takes the design forward and put it into practice and this stage take place when the client has agree on what needs to be done (Requirement Specification) and the Analyst has clearly described what needs to be done(System Requirement Document). There are several terms involved in this stage so it is reasonable to break down the System Requirement Document into sections that each can develop. At this stage following things may take place: The software developers write code The hardware people develop equipment The testing team develops test plans The user-testing groups follow the test plans and check the system works as expected 5. Installation Now the system is developed and tested and it is working correctly and doing what client wanted. The key events in this stage are: Data conversion: Data stored on the old system are now converted into the correct format for the new system. System Change Over: switch off the old system and turn on the new system, which is not as simple as it sound. Alternatives Run the old and new system in parallel for a time Customer does not care what your IT system is made up of, they are only concerned about their order. One method is to run the old system along the new one, then in the quiet time the new system store the old system data and is then fully loaded and ready to go. Training Training is the vital part of this stage, staff training must take place. Staff needs to be shown how to use the new system How to access help when they run into difficulties Member of a development team should be available on call A user manual should be available for staff 6. Maintenance The new system is running smoothly and it will need to be looked after so maintenance stage takes care of the following that can take place: Problems are cleared as they occur Tweaks to the system are applied to improve performance The system has to be moved due to office movement Data is backed up and kept safe Equipment are replace as required Basically this stage never ends until the new system becomes old and is then switch with new system. 3. Undertake a User Needs Analysis (UNA) for your system. SYSTEM USED: CINEMA BOOKING SYSTEM UNA is the first stage in the system development process. UNA in system developing includes task that is demanded by the user for new or different system. Requirements must be actionable, measurable, and testable and must be related to user needs. The best way to undertake UNA in my view is to have a workshop with the users who will use the new system. This will give me one clear idea of what the new system must do. When working on developing the new system Ill have a better idea of what users wants from the new system, keeping every users requirements in mind. So Ill set up a workshop, in which Ill ask users what they want from the new system. I will document their requirements as I go along. Basically Ill ask different questions from the users and then the users themselves will work out what kind of a new system they want. Questions that Ill ask users: What the new system should do? Do you want it to be networked with other computers? How long the information needs to be saved? Should staff login when using the system? Anything needs to be printing? What information needs to be print out? Payment procedure/ types of cards? Discounts: student Inputs, process and outputs Internet booking/ serial number only for internet booking This is how Ill design the system, keeping in view the users requirements. It will be an advanced system which will be quite reliable and it will be easy for the users to use this system. System Requirements: Inputs Serial number only for Internet booking Name Payment Age/ discount Name of the movie Date Process Theater Number Discount reduction Output Movie ticket for customer Information saved in the system This program is supposed to save the information of the customer and print out a movie ticket containing the required information. Print out of the ticket Name Age payment Discount Payment after discount Theater Number Movies name Date System will show this information on the Ticket. 4. Produce a Systems Context Diagram for your system. User/ Staff New system Customer Info given Input filled Data saved Ticket Process Calculate discount if applied and check for seats in theatre Saved in server for 3 days and is access able by any member of staff Checks the Ticket Ticket given Check movie and time Login Administrator Login Update Movie Data Delete Old Data Updates the system This Diagram explains the program I am building for the Cinema. Circles in the diagram mean the first thing is done by Administrator, User/ Staff and the customer. Explanation: Administrator must update the system by inserting new movies and deleting old movies. User/ Staff is the person who can access the system by login in and takes the details (info given) of the customer. User/ Staff then enter the details (input filled) in the system. News System will process the input and process it, calculate discount if applied and check for seats available in theatre. Itll then give two outputs Data Saved and Ticket. Data Saved meaning the data will be saved in a server for three days and is access able by any member for staff but the saved data cannot be changed after the Ticket is printed out. Ticket will be printed out and is going to be checked by the staff. Staff will give the ticket to the customer. 5. Produce a Level 1 Current Physical Data Flow Diagram for your system. D1 User/ Staff/ counter Enquires Deposits and Withdrawals Process customer data Tickets recheck Data store System Cash Customer Customer details/ data Print Ticket Details are checked Ticket handed to the customer Resource Flow Data Flow Outside data Process D2 In this Physical Data flow diagram customer, who is outside data, goes to the counter to purchase a ticket for the movie. Counter/ staff take his query and process it, system then stores the data and process a ticket, which is given to the customer. 6. Produce a Level 1 Required Logical DFD for your system. Admin User/ Staff Customer System Process Data Stored Ticket Updates the System Customer details/ data Ticket Input customer detail/ data Calculates discounts Theatre No. Stores in a server Print out Ticket details are checked by user/ staff Data Flow Source of Data In this Diagram Admin is updating the data for the system and user is taking the detail/ data of the customer and entering it in the system to process a Ticket for customer. 7. Decompose one of the processes to a Level 2 Required Logical Data Flow Diagram for your system. Admin System Process Data Stored Updates the System Adding new movie data Deleting old movie data Stores admin new data Stores customer data Movie is suitable for customer (age) Theatre availability Calculate discounts Store data in server Auto deletes 3 days old customer data Access to old data In this Diagram Admin is updating the data for the system and system is processing customer details against admin updated data and it is then stored in a server for three days. 8. Construct a Logical Data Structure for the system you are producing. Customer Staff/ counter Ticket Enquires Ticket Customer will seek staff on counter for any enquiry or to purchase a movie ticket Provide service to customer Staff will take customer details from customer for a movie ticket To process a Ticket, staff will have to enter customer details in the system for a movie ticket Ticket is handed to the customer after staff checks for any errors 9. With the aid of your Logical Data Structure, produce an Entity/Event Matrix for your database system. Customer Purchasing a ticket for a movie Enquiry Staff/ Counter Staff/ Counter Solve the issue Yes No Job done Admin Enter customer details in the system System process Ticket Data stored Staff (checks it) Customer (takes ticket) Server 10. Describe the Required Physical Data Model. Customer details/ data Admin Admin login Update new movie data Delete old movie data Problem solving Staff Customer service System operator Staff login handle customer details Ticket Cashier Customer Enquires Ticket purchaser Updates the System Input customer detail/ data System Customer internet serial no. Customer name Customer age Payment method Discount Amount paid Name of the movie Theatre number Date Stores admin updated data Access to old data Check for any errors on the ticket Process Movie is suitable for the customer (age) Discount reduction Theatre number Draft ticket Print out Data stored Stored in server Access able Auto delete 3 days old data Ticket Customer name Customer age Payment method Discount Amount paid Movies name Theatre number Date Admin updates the system and solve problems Staff handles the customers and input the customers details in the system System processes the data and check for availabilities Data is stored for 3 days Ticket is issued for customer as a receipt

Foundation Degree in Accounting & Finance Essay -- Business Management

Foundation Degree in Accounting & Finance How training contributes to the achievement of business objectives In order for the organisation to benefit from successful training, there must be a planned and systematic approach to effect management of training. R Harrison (1989:48) defined systematic approach as â€Å"†¦in order to determine as precisely as possible what are the minimum resources the organisation should invest for the development of its workforce, an accurate assessment should be made of known and agreed training needs at all levels. A training plan can then be formulated which can guide the organisation in its investment of resources, in the operation of training and development, and in their evaluation.† A plan for training and development can guide top management to make the following decisions:  · Decision about the investment of resources through time.  · Decision about the agreed corporate goals and strategy for employee development.  · Decision about the key roles necessary to ensure effective implementation of strategy. Within the individual manager’s department, there should be the same agreement on what overall needs exist, however they may be defined and over whatever time length they are to be met. The manager can then put forward a reasoned case for the resources to meet those needs. L Mullins (2002:694) cited that â€Å"The purpose of training is to improve knowledge and skills, and to change attitudes. It is one of the most important potential motivators. This can lead to many possible benefits for both individuals and the organisation.† L Mullins (2002) suggested that training can make an impact on the organisation: * Increase the confident, motivation and commitment of staff. * Provide recognition, enhanced responsibility and the possibility of increased pay and promotion. * Give a feeling of personal satisfaction and achieve, and broaden opportunities for career progression. * Help to improve the availability and quality of staff. Therefore we can see that training is an essential element of improving organisational performance. The intention of training is to generate a greater measure of positive commitment, a reduction of workplace alienation and enhanced quality of output. D Torrington et al (2002) suggested that objectives should give employees a clear idea of p... ...3rd edition, The Cromwell Press, Wiltshire Harrison R (1989), Training and Development, 2nd edition, LR Printing Service Ltd, West Sussex Mullins L (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Torrington D et al (2002), Human Resource Management, 5th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Bibliography Beardwell I et al (2004), Human Resource Management – A Contemporary Approach, 4th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Garratt T (1997), The Effective Delivery of Training Using NLP, Kogan Page Ltd, London Harrison R (1992), Management Studies 2 - Employee Development, 3rd edition, The Cromwell Press, Wiltshire Harrison R (1998), People and Organisation - Employee Development, 2nd edition, The Cromwell Press, Wiltshire Harrison R (1989), Training and Development, 2nd edition, LR Printing Service Ltd, West Sussex Mullins L (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Pettinger R (2002), Introduction to Management, 3rd edition, Palgrave, Hampshire Torrington D et al (2002), Human Resource Management, 5th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow

Engineering Students Towards Engineering Drawing Education Essay

The attitude of technology pupils towards technology drawing was studied in this research under pupils ‘ position of their coachs ‘ instruction manner, schoolroom environment, single perceptual experiences and features, pre-knowledge of the class and survey stuffs. This questionnaire-based cross sectional study survey of 2nd to 5th twelvemonth technology pupils of the four Departments ( Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Agricultural ) in the College of Engineering of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta was conducted in 2012. The consequence showed that the pupils have positive attitude towards technology drawing but for the teaching manner of the instructors. It was recommended that instructors of technology drawing should be interested in the topics that they teach, be able to emphasis the demand of the topic to the pupils and see the success of their pupils of import. Keywords: pupils, technology, attitude, pullingIntroductionCommunication accomplishments and good presentation ability are indispensable for an applied scientist who aspires to transport out his/her professional pattern in the planetary sphere ( Riemer, 2002 ) . The ability to interchange thoughts, understand others ‘ positions, work out jobs and successfully use the stairss and procedures presented depends significantly on how effectual one is able to pass on with others ( Windle and Warren, 1999 ) . Graphic linguistic communication normally found among proficient professionals for communicating of thoughts and information from one individual to another is technology pulling ( Thomas et. al. , 1993 ) . This is used to clearly and briefly pass on all the information necessary to transform an thought or a construct into world. It contains in writing representation of its topic, dimensions, notes and specifications ( Taffesse and Kassa, 2005 ) . Engineering artworks design and bu ilding might every bit good be the most of import class of all surveies for technology or proficient calling. This is so because it is used by interior decorators, technicians, sanitarians and applied scientists to pass on designs and building inside informations among the members of these professions. The graphics is written in the signifier of drawings that represent the form, size, and specifications of physical objects. It is read by construing drawings so that physical objects can be constructed precisely as originally conceived by the interior decorator ( Taffesse and Kassa, 2005 ) .Design theoretical accountIn design procedure, working with design theoretical account is cardinal construct to the interior decorator. The design theoretical account is the reproduction of the theoretical account to be design. This theoretical account could be an abstraction that a interior decorator thought out, convey it on paper in study and/or note signifier, carry out some computations on it, bring forth elaborate formal technology drawings in 2D/3D position either conventionally or computing machine aided through to physical paradigms. The interior decorator uses the theoretical account of design to record and develop thoughts and to supply a footing to measure the design ( Sharma, 2009 ) . In the instance of larger design undertakings where more than one applied scientist is involved, design theoretical accounts are utilised to pass on and show thoughts between all those concerned with the merchandise design, development, industry and usage ( Sharma, 2009 ) . These accomplishments are needed by interior decorator generate and work with this theoretical account in order to efficaciously pass on thoughts and develop a design ( Sharma, 2009 ) . Engineering drawings are used in many different applications. For case, Surveyors, civil applied scientists, sanitarians use technology drawings to document such plants as the layout of a new subdivisions, or the marker of the bou ndaries for a piece of belongings. Contractors and building forces use proficient drawings as their bluish prints in change overing architectural and technology designs in to world ( Taffesse and Kassa, 2005 ) .AttitudeEveryone desires good consequences from our attempts. Most people are willing to set in their best to accomplish the success and felicity they want. Everyone has the capacity to set in 1s unconditioned potencies into action to get what one desire. But one thing that determines the extent to which one passionately acquire involved in one ‘s enterprise and maximise one ‘s possible to bring forth the quality of the consequence one receive is attitude ( Rohn, 2000 ) . Attitude is a mental province that pre-disposes a individual to move in a certain manner towards the attitude object ( Oppenheim, 1992 ; Sudman, and Bradburn, 1982 ; Oskamp, 1991 ) . When pupils have positive attitude towards a peculiar capable country they tend to show that by systematically put ing more clip and attempt in that capable country by assisting themselves through seeking extra acquisition chances to do up for whatever oversights they may be holding ( Lindquist, 1980 ) . Surveies carried out by Simpson, 1978 and Young, 1998 supposed that positive attitudes towards prescribed larning activities and stuffs by and large facilitate the accomplishment of the coveted acquisition results. Researches In instruction, suggests that pupil attitudes toward a capable country lead to academic success ( Popham, 2005 ; Royster, Harris, & A ; Schoeps, 1999 ) People ‘s attitude can be affected by unwilled misinformation provided from a negative beginnings of influence by voluntary entry ( Rohn, 2000 ) . Everyone influences and is being influenced from clip to clip. However, one determines the extent of one influenced and to which one is influenced. The factors that have positive strong influence on our attitudes are personality, environment, word look, avowal, self image, a ssociation, physical visual aspect ( Eromon, 2010 ) . Research carried out by Goodykoontz, 2008 on factors that affect college pupils ‘ attitude toward mathematics inferred that pupil attitudes are largely affected by four external factors: the instructor, learning manner, schoolroom environment, and appraisals and accomplishment. Additionally, one internal factor that besides affect pupil attitude, is single perceptual experiences and features. By and large talking, technology drawing is a topic that is frequently disliked may be due to clip involved, back interrupting strivings as pupils describe it, enormous work load, deficiency of spacial ability, inability to acquire the preciseness of dimensions, deficiency of cognition of the importance or kernel of the class etc. Undergraduate pupils of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta are non left out of this tendency of complain which in bend show in their public presentations. Relationship between pupil attitudes and acc omplishment degrees, in some peculiar surveies have suggested that accomplishment degrees have a causal influence on pupil attitudes ( Hannula, 2002 ; Tapia & A ; Marsh, 2001 ; Lopez, Lent, Brown, & A ; Gore, 1997 ; Midgley, Feldlaufer, & A ; Eccles, 1989 ) Academic attainments in establishments of higher acquisition can be considered as an result of two factors: the first is the single properties and the 2nd factor is the systems of instruction and forms of leaving cognition that are organized within schools ( Akinleke, 2012 ) . This survey intends to happen out the effects of both factors as it relates to technology pupils ‘ academic public presentation in technology drawingMaterials and MethodsThis questionnaire based cross-sectional survey of 2nd to 5th twelvemonth technology pupils of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria was conducted in 2012. Second to 5th twelvemonth technology pupils were chosen for the survey to guarantee that participant has at least completed a subdivision in his/her university instruction. All the technology pupils in the four sections ; mechanical, electrical, civil and agricultural technology of the school were included. The sample covered all the pupils who were present at the techno logy pupils ‘ conference of the college of technology. The questionnaire was distributed and collected at the terminal of the same twenty-four hours. However the pupils that were absent for any ground during the twenty-four hours of the survey were excluded from the survey. A sum of 200 questionnaires were distributed. The ego administered questionnaire assessed information on human ecology, pupils ‘ position of their coachs learning manner, schoolroom environment, single perceptual experiences and features, pre-knowledge of the class and survey stuffs. Engagement in this research was voluntary and no inducement was offered. Informed consent was obtained from participants after being informed about anon. nature and aim of the survey. Data analysis was done utilizing statistical bundle for societal scientific discipline ( SPSS version 16.0 ) . and trial of significance was considered important was done with qis square statistics. P & lt ; 0.05 was considered important.Con sequences and treatmentsOf the 200 questionnaires distributed, 152 questionnaires out the returned 1s were considered appropriate for this survey. Incomplete questionnaires were rejected. The 152 returned questionnaires gave an overall retrieval rate of 76 % . The retrieval rate for respondents in 200 degree was 30.3 % ( 46 ) , 300 degree was 36.8 % ( 56 ) , 400 degree was 14.5 % ( 22 ) and 500 degree was 18.5 % ( 28 ) . While Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Agricultural Engineering Departments are 16.4 % , 27.6 % , 30.9 % and 25.0 % severally. About nine-tenth ( 88.8 % ) of the respondents are males while staying ( 11.2 % ) are females ( table 1 ) . Majority ( 97.4 % ) of the respondents were in technology as their pick while 13.8 % out the 97.4 % are non in their country of involvement. These consequences showed that bulk of the pupils liked technology drawing ( 75.7 % ) while really few pupils 12.5 % did non like it from the first twenty-four hours the class was taught. More th an three-quarters-86.8 % ( 132/152 ) did non see technology drawing as a hard topic while 2.6 % ( 4/152 ) and 10.5 % ( 16/152 ) do n't cognize and make severally see it as a hard topic. As the acquisition progresses 67.8 % still did non develop any hate for the class while 15.1 % and 17.1 % developed hatred for the class and indecisive about the class severally ( tabular arraies 2 and 3 ) . As an applied scientist, one is trained in technology drawing to assist one transform an thought or a construct in to world, communicate designs and building inside informations to others, show constructs and simplify complex 3-d constructions which is a pre-requisite in any watercourse in the field of technology. On the inquiry â€Å" are you cognizant that the cognition of technology will be relevant to you as an applied scientist † 145 pupils stand foring 95.4 % reported the cognition of the importance of technology drawing to them as applied scientists, while 3 and 4 pupils stand forin g 2 % and 2.6 % of those who were nescient and cloudy ( tabular arraies 2 and 3 ) . Less than half- ( 44.1 % ) of the respondents offered proficient pulling during their secondary instruction which is the preliminary of technology pulling ethic. One-fifth ( 20.4 % ) of the respondents had information of what the class is all about and 18.4 % of the respondents reported being present at the official debut of the class ( table 4 ) . Detailed technology drawings are produced with the assistance of some particular instruments and/or equipment. Without the assistance of such tools it would hold been really hard for most people to fix technology drawings harmonizing to the general recognized standards/specifications ( Ballegu and Mpagalile ) . On the inquiry â€Å" Do you hold all the instrument needed for the drawing † 77 pupils stand foring 50.7 % reported being good equipped with the necessary drawing instruments. These instruments were provided by the pupils themselves 110 ( 72 .4 % ) ( table 4 ) . Good instruments are vehicle in technology drawing for communicating of designs and building inside informations to others. It is ever thwarting when an thought is at that place but the instrument for conveyance is defective, misfunctioning or non available. This thwarts a whole batch of thrust and thought and perchance shackles the flair for technology drawing. Learning environment is really important in sound instruction and larning procedure ( Kenpro, 2010 ) . A typical schoolroom should heighten effectual acquisition. This will engender more positive attitudes toward technology drawing, achieve more and manifest better outlining quality throughout their calling as applied scientists if the acquisition ambiance is really contributing. On the inquiry â€Å" Do you hold contributing auditorium for categories † 118 pupils stand foring 77.6 % agreed that their drawing studio is contributing with 63.8 % of them admiting that they ever get infinite for their drawings boards during pulling categories. A sum of 130 pupils stand foring 85.5 % alleged that they are adequate seats for everyone member of the category while 11 pupils stand foring 7.6 % complained that their schoolroom is crowded ( table 5 ) . There are bound of the figure of pupils under the attention and control of a instructor which if exceeded will ensue in deficient and effectual preparation and acquisition. There may besides be terrible disciplinary jobs, and some pupils might be threatened. All pupils should be treated every bit in order to file away effectual acquisition in schools ( New Arrivals Excellence Program Guide, 2007 ) .A About 44 pupils stand foring 28.9 % of the pupils complained that the entire figure of pupils in a category per category period is excessively much for a instructor to pull off. In making an effectual acquisition environment ( table 5 ) , the coach should hold thorough cognition of their topics and should be interested in the topics that the y teach, be able to unwrap the necessity for their topics, and see the success of their pupils of import ( Kenpro, 2010 ) . Teaching pupils is non ever about what is covered per period but how much the cognition that has been efficaciously passed on to them. A image is worth a 1000 words, and sometimes the easiest manner to show something is with an image. This holds true for technology, with technology drawings supplying an easy to understand graphical illustration of something which has been designed by an applied scientist. The drawings may stand for unsmooth bill of exchanges for an object which has non yet been produced, with the drawings being used to research how the point should be made, and they can besides document the procedure of doing or utilizing an point, or merely exemplify how something is supposed to look. The inquiries that assessed the position of pupils on their instructors ‘ learning method utilizing demonstrative form in their instruction revealed that 46 ( 30.3 % ) of the pupils agreed that their instructors are demonstrative in their instruction whereas 25 ( 16.4 % ) pupils hate technology as a consequence of hapless presentation. 13 pupils stand foring 8.6 % of the respondents see technology as something a bstract. On the other manus the pupils ( 68.4 % ) see their instructors as really friendly in the schoolroom ( table 6 ) . This perchance takes the pupils to category. There is high attending of pupils to technology pulling category as 83.6 % of the technology pupils reported regular attending at technology pulling categories with 25 pupils stand foring 16.4 % coverage irregular attending. There is no pupil who stays off from category seeking to analyze technology pulling on his/her ain. The pupils do non care about the clip the pulling takes, greater figure of the category do non see anything incorrect with the continuance of the technology pulling category period. About 37.5 % and 58.6 % of the respondents gets the cognition foremost manus from the instructors ever and sometimes severally. Preference for this pattern in the ever and sometimes classs were reported by 46.7 % and 49.3 % of the respondents severally ( table 2 ) . The pupils gave grounds that assignments were normally given by the instructors ever at the terminal of each of the categories with minority ( 9.2 % ) coverage regular assignment as being excessively much. The appraisal of the handiness of survey stuff showed that there are text editions available for the personal survey among 39.5 % of the respondents. A sum of 30.9 % of the respondents reported being able to use the basic cognition passed on to them in the category in other job and obtain the solution and 40.8 % of the respondents reported working more for better personal development ( table 7 ) . Table 1. Demographic features of the respondents Table 2. Class attending and personal sentiment across different degrees Table 3. Importance of technology Pulling Table 4. Possession of drawing tools Table 5. Classroom status Table 6. Teacher and instruction manner Table 7. Study stuff and personal developmentDecisionThe attitude of technology pupils towards technology pulling discussed under pupils ‘ position of their coachs learning manner, schoolroom environment, single perceptual experiences and features, pre-knowledge of the class and survey stuffs showed that pupils have positive attitude towards technology drawing. The lone challenges the pupils are confronting is the learning manner of the instructors. This survey has shown that when there is contributing environment, friendly instructors, positive perceptual experience and character, good survey stuffs and instruments, the instruction manner factor can travel a long manner to impact the pupils. The thought of pulling out syllables and covering it at the terminal of the survey twelvemonth is good but non much more is how many of those things passed on to the pupils meets the original purpose. It is recommended that instructors of technology drawing should be interested in the topi cs that they teach, be able to demo the demand of the topic to the pupils and see the success of their pupils of import.RecognitionsThe writers are thankful to the undergraduate pupils of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta whose engagement made this research a success.